The bus station here is called Bến Xe Khách Bình Dương (Ben Xe Khach Bih Duong). Bus routes begin, end, and link here. I find the buses to be a reliable method of travel within and between nearby areas, if you can figure out their routes.
There are special buses, such as a direct bus to Cambodia, although I don't know much about these. I advise you to bring an interpreter if you come to ask.
There are a few buses that travel between Thu Dau Mot and Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). Bus 616 runs along Đại lộ Bình Dương (Dai Lo Binh Duong), which means "Binh Duong Highway." It goes directly to the center of District 1. The other main city bus is Bus 4, which goes from Binh Duong bus station to Bến xe Miền Đông (Ben Xe Mien Dong: The East Station).
Mien Dong is in the city limits of Ho Chi Minh City. When you are in HCMC, you can use the official HCMC BusMap app on your smartphone--it will give you reliable directions, in English, for wherever you want to go. I haven't found any other good way to navigate the buses in SaiGon, but the app is reliable and user-friendly. I have traveled extensively within the city by using the app.
Here are some photos I took of the Thu Dau Mot bus schedules:
Again, Bus 4 is the suggested bus for most destinations in HCMC.
Here is the official schedule for Bus 616. Due to the long drive, it can be a bit loose:
All of this information applies to city buses. You can find countless private tourist buses that will let you board at a bus stop. They may or may not take you all the way to the destination they claim--I got scammed by a Korean bus company with a tan bus, but some companies are probably honest.
Binh Duong Bus Station is near the south side of town. You can ride a bus there, or you can park your motorbike in their secure lot. It is across the street from a large CO.OP Mart supermarket.